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Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the kidney. It tends to be aggressive, difficult to treat, and is often metastatic at the time of diagnosis. Most individuals with this type of cancer have sickle cell trait or rarely sickle cell disease, suggesting that the sickle cell trait may be a risk factor for this type of ...
The term macrocytic is from Greek words meaning "large cell". A macrocytic class of anemia is an anemia (defined as blood with an insufficient concentration of hemoglobin) in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are larger than their normal volume. The normal erythrocyte volume in humans is about 80 to 100 femtoliters (fL= 10 −15 L).
Methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia, or methaemoglobinaemia, is a condition of elevated methemoglobin in the blood. [2] Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea, poor muscle coordination, and blue-colored skin (cyanosis). [2] Complications may include seizures and heart arrhythmias.
Diagnosis is made by first ruling out other causes of hemolytic anemia, such as G6PD, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease. Clinical history is also important to elucidate any underlying illness or medications that may have led to the disease. [citation needed] Laboratory investigations are carried out to determine the etiology of the disease.
A schistocyte or schizocyte (from Greek schistos for "divided" and kytos for "hollow" or "cell") is a fragmented part of a red blood cell. Schistocytes are typically irregularly shaped, jagged, and have two pointed ends. [1] Several microangiopathic diseases, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies ...
A genetic basis for this disease was proposed in 1915 by Cook and Meyer. The disease was named sickle-cell anaemia in 1922 by Verne Mason after several additional cases were reported. All the known cases had been reported in blacks and he concluded that this disease was confined to those of black African descent.
Pathophysiology Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. It is hereditary hemolytic anaemia in which the red blood cell is oval-shaped. The primary defect in SAO differs significantly from other forms of elliptocytosis in that it is a defect in the gene coding for a protein that is not directly involved in the cytoskeleton scaffolding of the cell.
Hereditary xerocytosis occurs more commonly in African populations, and it exhibits complex interactions with other hereditary alterations of red blood cells, including sickle cell disease and malaria resistance. Osmosis leads to the red blood cell having a constant tendency to swell and burst.