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Pathophysiology. The most common antibody isotype involved in warm antibody AIHA is IgG, though sometimes IgA is found.
AIHA can be classified as warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia or cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which includes cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. These classifications are based on the characteristics of the autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
AIHA can be classified as warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia or cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which includes cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. These classifications are based on the characteristics of the autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Binding of CA causes agglutination of erythrocytes and the antigen–antibody complex induces complement (C) activation and hemolysis. Essential clinical manifestations of primary CAD are hemolytic anemia and cold-induced circulatory symptoms.
The diagnosis of hemolytic anemia can be suspected on the basis of a constellation of symptoms and is largely based on the presence of anemia, an increased proportion of immature red cells (reticulocytes) and a decrease in the level of haptoglobin, a protein that binds free hemoglobin.
Causes: Antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antineoplastic drugs, and other drugs. Diagnostic method: Blood tests, blood smear, and Direct antiglobulin testing: Differential diagnosis: Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Treatment: Stopping the offending drug, blood transfusions, and thromboprophylaxis. Frequency
AIHA can be classified as warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia or cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which includes cold agglutinin disease and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. These classifications are based on the characteristics of the autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Lists of causes: Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia; Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia/paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria; Acute and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions; ABO hemolytic diseases of newborn/Rh hemolytic disease of newborn; Hereditary spherocytosis; Intravenous water infusion or drowning (fresh water) Hypophosphatemia; Bartonellosis ...
Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (MAIHA) is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia which combines the features of cold sensitive antibody-induced diseases and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The work-up for diagnosis is complex and the condition can be over-diagnosed.
These pathological cold sensitive antibodies include cold agglutinins, Donath–Landsteiner antibodies, and cryoglobulins which are the culprits of cold agglutinin disease, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria in the process of Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia, and vasculitis, respectively.