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Intersex people are individuals born with any of several underlying genetic conditions that cause abnormal development of sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".
Some birth defects include both structural and functional disorders. Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy.
Polymelia is a birth defect in which an affected individual has more than the usual number of limbs. It is a type of dysmelia. In humans and most land-dwelling vertebrates, this means having five or more limbs. The extra limb is most commonly shrunken and/or deformed. The term is from Greek πολυ- "many", μέλεα "limbs".
Most genetic disorders are rare in themselves. [5] [8] Genetic disorders are present before birth, and some genetic disorders produce birth defects, but birth defects can also be developmental rather than hereditary. The opposite of a hereditary disease is an acquired disease.
People with dwarfism can usually bear children, though there are additional risks to the mother and child depending upon the underlying condition. The most common and recognisable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is achondroplasia, a genetic disorder whereby the limbs are diminutive.
Polydactyly or polydactylism (from Greek πολύς (polys) 'many', and δάκτυλος (daktylos) 'finger'), also known as hyperdactyly, is an anomaly in humans and non-human animals resulting in supernumerary fingers and/or toes.
Damage to the fetus or uterus. Fractured bones left to heal without being properly set ( malunion) Genetic mutation. Growth or hormone disorders. Skin disorders. Reconstructive surgery following a severe injury, e.g. burn injury. Deformity can occur in all organisms: Frogs can be mutated due to Ribeiroia ( Trematoda) infection.
Ovotesticular syndrome (also known as ovotesticular disorder or OT-DSD) is a rare congenital condition where an individual is born with both ovarian and testicular tissue. It is one of the rarest DSDs, with only 500 reported cases. Commonly, one or both gonads is an ovotestis containing both types of tissue.
People with OI are either born with defective connective tissue, born without the ability to make it in sufficient quantities, or, in the rarest genetic types, born with deficiencies in other aspects of bone formation such as chaperone proteins, the Wnt signaling pathway, the BRIL protein, et cetera.
Inbreeding. Common fruit fly females prefer to mate with their own brothers over unrelated males. [1] Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. [2] By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders ...