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The plus–minus sign or plus-or-minus sign, ±, is a symbol with multiple meanings. In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is obtained through addition and the other through subtraction. In statistics and experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or ...
Glossary of mathematical symbols. A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various ...
The plus sign (+) and the minus sign (−) are mathematical symbols used to denote positive and negative functions, respectively. In addition, + represents the operation of addition, which results in a sum, while − represents subtraction, resulting in a difference. [ 1 ] Their use has been extended to many other meanings, more or less analogous.
The plus and minus symbols are used to show the sign of a number.. In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0.Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign.
Probability density functions (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lowercase letters, e.g. , or . Cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) are denoted by uppercase letters, e.g. , or . In particular, the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by , and its cdf by .
In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of the values of a variable about its mean. [1] A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and an operation with a ...
In statistics, a circumflex (ˆ), called a "hat", is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value. [1] For example, in the context of errors and residuals, the "hat" over the letter indicates an observable estimate (the residuals) of an unobservable quantity called (the statistical errors). Another example of the hat operator denoting an ...