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A runway incursion is an aviation incident involving improper positioning of vehicles or people on any airport runway or its protected area. When an incursion involves an active runway being used by arriving or departing aircraft, the potential for a collision hazard or Instrument Landing System (ILS) interference can exist.
A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision ( car crash in case cars are involved in the collision), occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other moving or stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building. Traffic collisions often result in injury, disability, death, and ...
A collision avoidance system ( CAS ), also known as a pre-crash system, forward collision warning system ( FCW ), or collision mitigation system, is an advanced driver-assistance system designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision. [2] In its basic form, a forward collision warning system monitors a vehicle's speed, the speed of ...
A traffic alert and collision avoidance system ( TCAS, pronounced / tiːkæs /; TEE-kas ), is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collision (MAC) between aircraft. It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a corresponding active transponder, independent of air ...
An airborne collision avoidance system ( ACAS, usually pronounced as ay-kas) operates independently of ground-based equipment and air traffic control in warning pilots of the presence of other aircraft that may present a threat of collision. If the risk of collision is imminent, the system recommends a maneuver that will reduce the risk of ...
The hierarchy of controls is a core component of Prevention through Design, the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process. Prevention through Design emphasizes addressing hazards at the top of the hierarchy of controls (mainly through elimination and substitution) at the earliest stages of project ...
In aviation, a terrain awareness and warning system ( TAWS) is generally an on-board system aimed at preventing unintentional impacts with the ground, termed "controlled flight into terrain" accidents, or CFIT. [1] The specific systems currently in use are the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) and the enhanced ground proximity warning ...
Mid-air collision. In aviation, a mid-air collision is an accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. [1] Owing to the relatively high velocities involved and the likelihood of subsequent impact with the ground or sea, very severe damage or the total destruction of at least one of the aircraft usually results.
In transportation, collision avoidance is the maintenance of systems and practices designed to prevent vehicles (such as aircraft, motor vehicles, ships, cranes and trains) from colliding with each other. Examples include: Airborne collision avoidance systems for aircraft. Automatic Identification System for collision avoidance in water transport.
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement refers to consequences that increase the likelihood of an organism's future behavior, typically in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus. [1] For example, a rat can be trained to push a lever to receive food whenever a light is turned on. In this example, the light is the antecedent stimulus ...