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Pfeiffer syndrome is caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptors FGFR1 and FGFR2. The syndrome is grouped into three types: type 1 (classic Pfeiffer syndrome) is milder and caused by mutations in either gene; types 2 and 3 are more severe, often leading to death in infancy, caused by mutations in FGFR2. [2]
An activating mutation in FGFR1 viz., P232R (proline-to-arginine substitution in the protein's 232nd amino acid), is responsible for the Type 1 or classic form of Pfeiffer syndrome, a disease characterized by craniosynostosis and mid-face deformities.
Cardiocranial syndrome, Pfeiffer type is a rare multiple disorder syndrome characterized by congenital heart defects, sagittal craniosynostosis, and severe developmental delay. The condition has been reported in less than 10 patients worldwide. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Currently, Noack syndrome (ACPS type I) is now classified as Pfeiffer syndrome (ACS type V); [31] Goodman syndrome (ACPS type IV) is classified as a variation of Carpenter syndrome (ACPS type II); [19] and different researchers have combined Apert (ASC type I), Crouzon (ASC type II), and Pfeiffer (ASC type V) syndrome into Apert-Crouzon [32 ...
Carpenter syndrome, also called acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II, [1] is an extremely rare autosomal recessive [2] congenital disorder characterized by craniofacial malformations, obesity, syndactyly, and polydactyly. [2]
Type I is characterized by extreme rhizomelia, bowed long bones, narrow thorax, a relatively large head, normal trunk length and absent cloverleaf skull. The spine shows platyspondyly, the cranium has a short base, and, frequently, the foramen magnum is decreased in size.
Szymko-Bennett et al. (2001) found that the overall hearing loss in Type I Stickler Syndrome is generally mild and is not significantly progressive. Hearing loss is more common in the higher frequencies, from about 4000–8000 Hz (Szymko-Bennett et al., 2001).
To date, there are two mechanisms of altered FGFR2 signalling. The first is associated with constitutive activation of FGFR, where the FGFR2 receptor is always signalling, regardless of the amount of FGF ligand. [19] This mechanism is found in patients with Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndrome.
Also any condition that causes significant depression of the nasal bridge or midface retraction can be associated with choanal atresia. Examples include the craniosynostosis syndromes such as Crouzon syndrome, [1] Pfeiffer syndrome, [1] Treacher Collins syndrome, [1] Apert syndrome, [1] and Antley-Bixler syndrome .
Neurofibromatosis type I ( NF-1 ), or von Recklinghausen syndrome, is a complex multi-system human disorder caused by the mutation of neurofibromin 1 (NF-1), a gene on chromosome 17 that is responsible for production of a protein (neurofibromin) which is needed for normal function in many human cell types. NF-1 causes tumors along the nervous ...