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Clever Hans ( German: der Kluge Hans; c. 1895 – c. 1916) was a horse that was claimed to have performed arithmetic and other intellectual tasks. After a formal investigation in 1907, psychologist Oskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reactions of his trainer.
Cleverbot is a chatterbot web application. It was created by British AI scientist Rollo Carpenter and launched in October 2008. It was preceded by Jabberwacky, a chatbot project that began in 1988 and went online in 1997. [1] In its first decade, Cleverbot held several thousand conversations with Carpenter and his associates.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. " The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog " is an English-language pangram – a sentence that contains all the letters of the alphabet. The phrase is commonly used for touch-typing practice, testing typewriters and computer keyboards, displaying examples of fonts, and other applications ...
The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, [2] is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human ...
The mirror test —sometimes called the mark test, mirror self-recognition ( MSR) test, red spot technique, or rouge test —is a behavioral technique developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. as an attempt to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition. [1]
Each card has a number on one side and color on the other. Which card or cards must be turned over to test the idea that if a card shows an even number on one face, then its opposite face is blue? The Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966.
Cephalopod intelligence is a measure of the cognitive ability of the cephalopod class of molluscs . Intelligence is generally defined as the process of acquiring, storing, retrieving, combining, comparing, and recontextualizing information and conceptual skills. [2] Though these criteria are difficult to measure in nonhuman animals, cephalopods ...
Twenty questions. Twenty questions is a spoken parlor game which encourages deductive reasoning and creativity. It originated in the United States and was played widely in the 19th century. [1] It escalated in popularity during the late 1940s, when it became the format for a successful weekly radio quiz program. [citation needed]
Pigeons can remember large numbers of individual images for a long time, e.g. hundreds of images for periods of several years. All these are capacities that are likely to be found in most mammal and bird species. In addition pigeons have unusual, perhaps unique, abilities to learn routes back to their home from long distances.
The CLEVER (Cross Lipschitz Extreme Value for nEtwork Robustness) score is a way of measuring the robustness of an artificial neural network towards adversarial attacks. It was developed by a team at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab in IBM Research and first presented at the 2018 International Conference on Learning Representations . [2]