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Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total. The vast bulk of the water on Earth is saline or salt water, with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land.
Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV) is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage (expressed as a volume percent ). [1] [2] [3] It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of solution at 20 °C (68 °F).
Volume fraction. In chemistry and fluid mechanics, the volume fraction is defined as the volume of a constituent Vi divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture V prior to mixing: [1] Being dimensionless, its unit is 1; it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18. It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is ...
In chemistry, the mass concentration ρi (or γi) is defined as the mass of a constituent mi divided by the volume of the mixture V. [1] For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume); thus the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a component in a mixture.
The mean global content of water vapor in the atmosphere is roughly sufficient to cover the surface of the planet with a layer of liquid water about 25 mm deep. [42] [43] [44] The mean annual precipitation for the planet is about 1 metre, a comparison which implies a rapid turnover of water in the air – on average, the residence time of a ...
Quartile. In statistics, quartiles are a type of quantiles which divide the number of data points into four parts, or quarters, of more-or-less equal size. The data must be ordered from smallest to largest to compute quartiles; as such, quartiles are a form of order statistic. The three quartiles, resulting in four data divisions, are as follows:
The water–cement ratio ( w/c ratio, or water-to-cement ratio, sometimes also called the Water-Cement Factor, f) is the ratio of the mass of water ( w) to the mass of cement ( c) used in a concrete mix: The typical values of this ratio f = wc are generally comprised in the interval 0.40 and 0.60. The water-cement ratio of the fresh concrete ...
Salinity ( / səˈlɪnɪti /) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity ). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰). Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the ...
Mole ratio. In atmospheric chemistry, mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio ri, which is defined as the amount of a constituent ni divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture: The mole ratio is also called amount ratio. [2] If ni is much smaller than ntot (which is the case for atmospheric trace constituents), the ...
Water balance. The law of water balance states that the inflows to any water system or area is equal to its outflows plus change in storage during a time interval. [2] [3] In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological or water domains, such as ...