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The Grubbs test statistic is defined as. with and denoting the sample mean and standard deviation, respectively. The Grubbs test statistic is the largest absolute deviation from the sample mean in units of the sample standard deviation. This is the two-sided test, for which the hypothesis of no outliers is rejected at significance level α if.
Table of confusion. In predictive analytics, a table of confusion (sometimes also called a confusion matrix) is a table with two rows and two columns that reports the number of true positives, false negatives, false positives, and true negatives. This allows more detailed analysis than simply observing the proportion of correct classifications ...
For example, in the R statistical computing environment, this value can be obtained as fisher.test(rbind(c(1,9),c(11,3)), alternative="less")$p.value, or in Python, using scipy.stats.fisher_exact(table=[[1,9],[11,3]], alternative="less") (where one receives both the prior odds ratio and the p -value).
What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions is a 2014 non-fiction book by Randall Munroe in which the author answers hypothetical science questions sent to him by readers of his webcomic, xkcd. The book contains a selection of questions and answers originally published on his blog What If?, along with several new ones.
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Turing completeness. In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a model of computation, a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine [citation needed] (devised by English ...
A ⊂ B {\displaystyle A\subset B} may mean that A is a proper subset of B, that is the two sets are different, and every element of A belongs to B; in formula, A ≠ B ∧ ∀ x , x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B {\displaystyle A eq B\land \forall {}x,\,x\in A\Rightarrow x\in B} . ⊆. A ⊆ B {\displaystyle A\subseteq B}
Early life Main article: Early life of Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian calendar in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643 [a]) at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, Newton was a small ...
Lilliefors test. In statistics, the Lilliefors test is a normality test based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. It is used to test the null hypothesis that data come from a normally distributed population, when the null hypothesis does not specify which normal distribution; i.e., it does not specify the expected value and variance of the ...
In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share a birthday. The birthday paradox refers to the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that probability to exceed 50%. The birthday paradox is a veridical paradox: it seems wrong at first ...