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Trisomy 21. Down syndrome (also known by the karyotype 47,XX,+21 for females and 47,XY,+21 for males) [98] is mostly caused by a failure of the 21st chromosome to separate during egg or sperm development, known as nondisjunction. [91] As a result, a sperm or egg cell is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 21; this cell thus has 24 ...
Multiple sclerosis. Variable, including almost any neurological symptom or sign, with autonomic, visual, motor, and sensory problems being the most common. [1] Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. [3] Being a demyelinating disease, MS disrupts ...
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a honey bee colony disappear, leaving behind a queen, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. [1] While such disappearances have occurred sporadically throughout the history of apiculture, and have been ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. [14] The syndrome is named after cysts which form on the ovaries of some women with this condition, though this is not a universal symptom, and not the underlying cause of the disorder.
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body. The symptoms usually emerge slowly, and, as the disease progresses, non-motor symptoms become more common. Usual symptoms include tremors, slowness of movement ...
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan. [3] Infections with toxoplasmosis are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions. [8] Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. [1]
The neurodiversity paradigm is a framework for understanding human brain function that recognizes the diversity within sensory processing, motor abilities, social comfort, cognition, and focus as neurobiological differences. This diversity falls on a spectrum of neurocognitive function. [1] The neurodiversity paradigm argues that diversity in ...
Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever, bilharzia, and Katayama fever, [1][2][9] is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. [5] The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected. [5] Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. [5] Those who have been infected for a long time may ...