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This would be similar to the hemoglobin allele which is responsible for sickle-cell disease, but solely in people with two copies; those with just one copy of the allele have a sickle cell trait and gain partial immunity to malaria as a result. This effect is called heterozygote advantage. [27]
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
Sickle-cell disease was the genetic disorder to be linked to a mutation of a specific protein. Pauling introduced his fundamentally important concept of sickle cell anemia as a genetically transmitted molecular disease. [20] This vein (4) shows the interaction between the malaria sporozoites (6) with sickle cells (3) and regular cells (1).
The disease commences with high fever and malaise, when the virus is most abundant in the bloodstream, and patients are usually no longer infectious once the characteristic rash of this disease has appeared. [33] The following symptoms are characteristic: A usual brief viral prodrome with fever, headache, nausea, diarrhea.
Defects of red blood cell membrane production (as in hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis). [2] Defects in hemoglobin production (as in thalassemia, sickle-cell disease and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia). [2] Defective red cell metabolism (as in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency ...
Hereditary xerocytosis occurs more commonly in African populations, [2] [4] and it exhibits complex interactions with other hereditary alterations of red blood cells, including sickle cell disease [4] [5] and malaria resistance. [4] [6] Osmosis leads to the red blood cell having a constant tendency to swell and burst.
Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum and slapped cheek syndrome, [3] is a common and contagious disease caused by infection with parvovirus B19. [4] This virus was discovered in 1975 and can cause other diseases besides fifth disease. [5]
As the amount of fetal hemoglobin decreases and hemoglobin S increases, a mild hemolytic anemia appears in the early stage of development. Patients with this disease experience some of the symptoms of sickle cell anemia, including mild-moderate anemia, increased risk of infection, and painful sickling crises. [5]